'Occupational Safety and Health Administration Essay\r'

'occupational rubber eraser and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the fall in Stated Department of Labor. OSHA is governed by Occupational Safety and Health Act. The agency pass on issue rules and regulations to maintain the safe and wellness at work place. Accordingly the employer should follow the standards to avoid work-related injuries including illnesses, deaths. The employer should make a regulate up for which the employees to report work-related injuries/illness. It is also state of the employer to guide the employees so that they will be able to report work-related injuries/illness.\r\nThe employees or precedent employees or their representative have mature to access the OSHA injury and illness records with certain(a) limitations. (1904. 35 (b) (1). Under 1910. 120 (b) (1), the employers should produce a written precaution and wellness computer computer programmeme for their employees who will be gnarled in dangerous emaciate operations. The progr am should be aimed to identify, evaluate and control safety and health hazards with a conclusion of a proper response for hazardous waste operations.\r\nSuch safety and health program should include the details like organizational structure, comprehensive work plan, medical surveillance program, employer’s standard operating procedures for safety/health etc. Besides, the employer should notify to the employees with take note to the chemical, physical, and other toxicological properties that can be present on site. The notification should be present before when the employee is expected to carry out functions at the site. (1910. 128 (c) (8).\r\nThe supervisors and management trustworthy to recrudesce proper training to the employees where the hazardous substances, health hazards or safety hazards may burst and the employees supposed to receive the training under regulation of 1910. 120 (e) (1) (i). The employees are permitted to be engaged at hazardous substances, solel y after receiving training for which management/supervisors responsible to provide the training. The employees should also be accomplished to give emergency response where the hazardous substances may exist.\r\n'

'Implementation Failures\r'

'Misti Whitehead HCS/483 Week 4 IT understand Implementation Failures Jason Koller January 7, 2013 Similarities As I go around the date on my calendar of may 26, I am reminded of what need to be done to prepare for my son’s 5th birthday partiallyy. I go over the theme of the party and account come forth what activities entrust be played. I think ab step to the fore who provide be invited and how many gift bags I go away make. I in addition pick the mend of the party and figure forth how a lot money I will exit on this special occasion, even though I usually spend more than than what I’m budgeting for.I plan out what foods will be served and where I will be getting the birthday cover from. I perceptivity on if I will have it outside or inside and determine issues that may get on that certain day. I extend with my parents to see if they will blow the balloons up before the party and help us with set up of the party decorations. deal party planning the slaying surgical process for health cathexis IT brasss take a great deal of preparing, brainstorming, planning, budgeting, and communication to successfully implement sore IT brasss in a health care system. Implementation sufficeThe implementation process is essential when adopting a forward-looking IT system into your health care plaque. â€Å"Selecting the in effect(p) system does not ensure user acceptance and success; the system must also be incorporated effectively into the day-to-day operations of the health care organization and adequately supported or maintained” (Wager, Lee, &type A; Glaser, 2009, â€Å"Implementation Process”). Activities of implementing the new system includes organizing a aggroup and identifying a system help that is in charge of determining expectations and context of the drift and figures out a come across plan.The team plans what task need to be completed, how more(prenominal) money should be exhausted on this desp atch, how to manage the project until completion. The system champion needs to understand and recognize the needs of the organization and have a passion for the new system being implemented. They should be someone who is easy to get on with and have great communication skills. They should also be a good attender and critical thinker when issues arise. Determining the scope of the project is super important and it lays out why the system is needed and how it will change the organization.Once the goals of the project are hold on the coterminous step of the project is to plan. Project planning includes listing tasks, estimating how a good deal clock will be spent on tasks, the sequence and coordination of tasks, and who will be performing these tasks. Evaluating the completion and success of the project has to be arranged to ensure trueness on the project. The next step is to brainstorm on how to integrate the new system into the organization, through workflow process analysis. do sure everyone is on the same varlet is essential when collaborating.Communication between groups and projects is a part of that collaboration to ensure success. Changes and setbacks need to be communicated through different groups so that everyone is sensible of what concerns and issues need to be addressed. Identifying the reason for the new system is extremely important to improve workflow in your organization. Installation of hardware, software, and networks is the next step along with creating a manual for all staff to review so they have support when they cannot figure out how to work the new system.Testing the system for bugs and metier is another essential process of implementation. culture staff is next and helps to ensure their intellect and of the new IT system. Training allows the trainer to â€Å" exhibit fundamental or basic concepts” (Wager, Lee, & Glaser, 2009, â€Å"System Implementation & nominate”) needed to operate the new system. Failed original Activities There are high auberge of implementation processes fail due to not following through, evaluating, communication, or planning.This case psychoanalyse that I reviewed failed to organize, evaluate, determine expectations, or take a crap a plan for the implementation process. They lacked organization and lacked the responsibility of taking on the project. Expectations for apiece task were not delimit and time boundaries were not evaluated after being set. The indicators that I noticed for failure of the process were organization was not ready to implement a new system, there was too much conflict within the rganization, there were indecipherable and unorganized projects, no one was evaluating these tasks, and concerns and issues were brush off when brought up. If this were my organization I would have defined tasks, set deadlines, had someone evaluating success of to each one task, and addressed all issues in a timely manner in order to complete the implementation of the new IT system and ensure it was under budget. References Wager, K. A. , Lee, F. W. , & Glaser, J. P. (2009). healthcare information systems: A practical set about for health care management (2nd ed. ). Retrieved from www. phoenix. com.\r\n'

'Administrative Problems\r'

' government activity and management remains to be an intrinsic make for shaping the educational sector. Here, it carries let on leadership approaches in dealing with the square up and objectives surrounding educators in meeting the demand of students.It takes into fib themes that allows the faculty to recognize on-going trends and responsive efficiently. By trying to escape out particular strategies it provides opportunities to facilitate educational success, draw out faculty empowerment, and parent institutional begetth. With such kinetics, decision qualification on a day-to-day prat move abouts synchronized with what is essential in ossification to school objectives and policies.This paper discernks to outline how educational administration themes are constantly utilize on a day-to-day basis. It takes into account themes cogitate to governanceal socialization, organisational convert, and confabulation practices between administrators and educators.In partic ular, the paper finds distinction and popular actions shaping action and decision making between devil administrators. By synthesizing opinions and responses from cardinal educational administrators, better understanding backside be do on how these administrators reply to school objectives and educational administration.IntervieweesThe first responder is rump Morris. He is a nous of embellish graduate(prenominal) School since 2001. With many years of experience in the school, he remains competent close Garland senior high school School’s organization and continues to align item policies in intercourse to the use ups of some(prenominal) students and faculty (Garland High School, 2007).Having earned his bachelor’s power point in Stephen Austin University and Masters in Educational political science, he provides wonderful insights on areas related to organisational culture, discourse, and organizational channel.The scrap interviewee is Linda Glassel . She is an administrator at Garland Christian Academy for almost five years. She consummate her Bachelor’s degree in Psychology and pursued her Masters in Educational Administration.With her background and experience in dealing with educators and students from elementary to high school, it good deal buoy be argued that she is competent to address issues related to administration and management. organizational CultureLooking closely at the responses make by Linda and washbasin concerning organizational culture, it force out be seen that they have similar responses about its importance in their paying attentionive schools. cardinal believed that enhancing a process of a helpful and supportive school environs enriches opportunities for students, faculties, and administrators to pass away responsive to their respective strikes.Similarly, both(prenominal) overly considered the need to recognize diversity as an essential process shaping education. By pickings into acc ount diversity, it encourages better viscidness of strategies and provides solutions to day-by-day chores (Ornstein and Lunenberg, 2007).On the early(a) hand, Linda and merchantman buoy opinions diverge when they talk about how to deal with residence and professional excellence. Here, it butt joint be seen that Linda sees the need to constantly motivate people to depart responsible and accountable to their respective roles deep down the school.It is through this process that they prat cave in up and become adaptive to change and abide with specific and apt(p) standards. If at that place are existing remainders, it gives easier marrow to resolve issues and conform to the norms provided.In contrast, John sees this routine conundrum as part of the role and right of an educator and administrator. He believes that since standards and expectations are given accordingly, for each one one moldiness be keen and responsible enough to dish according to these parameters. H ere, John sees the issue as to a greater extent(prenominal) of an individual endeavor compared to Linda’s perspective that it must be a collective process.Organizational ChangeAssessing the responses made by John and Linda with regards to organizational change, it scum bag be seen that their opinions take for on the idea that change is essential.They both see it as an opportunity to grow and function in accordance to the ever-changing needs of their respective schools. Since organizational change can induce varied responses among members of the school, it is and so crucial to clearly identify these apologys so suspend attention can be made (Ornstein and Lunenberg, 2007).Likewise, Linda and John as well as believed that addressing problems of organizational change on a day-after-day basis means incorporating aims and objectives by administrators. By advocating these policies, administrative problems can be projected and addressed in a more efficient manner.On the ot her hand, the main struggle between John and Linda’s responses splay around specific mechanisms that can be utilise to address organizational tube and accountability problems. Specifically, Linda is more of a facilitative type, seeking to interact and develop an environment where teachers feel comfortable in their take to the woods and responsibility.She believes that this would then provide the necessary means to infuse better means to devote better reaction and feedback from employees.On the contrary, John seeks to pad colloquy lines and openness among his people. He believes that resistance only happens because individuals do not see the bigger picture or exactly too comfortable with the original apparatus of things. However, by bridging these gaps on a daily basis, educators and administrators can fully understand the patch and prevent confusions from happening.CommunicationThe last area discussed with the interviewees spread outs around administrative problems related to confabulation. Here, Linda and John were asked specific questions on their perspective and opinions on how this problem can be solved daily and what specific means are lendable that each one can utilize.Reviewing the responses made by the two, it can be seen that their similarities revolve around the recognition that conflict is inevitable in any organization. Likewise, both also believed that resolving conflict, miscommunication, and other hurdles in communication would mean generateing specific dynamics that opens up and diversifies how people interact both formally and informally.Again, like the previous two questions, Linda and John differ in their capableness to apply these changes in their schools. Since their respective educational environments vary in specific patterns of communication and level of professionalism, the methods used to address conflict and resolve issues are also variant.For example, Linda argued the need to create an environment of openness and respect other people’s opinions concerning a specific issue. This would then help confines miscommunication and development of factions within the school.On the other hand, since John’s scope and responsibility is a great deal bigger compared to Linda, he sees the need to establish appropriate protocols and rules that teachers should follow. By developing a standard on how people can communicate, it can help establish a professional and responsible means to interact. Also, it can be argued that this is his solution on communication problems in his school on a daily basis.Analysis of Inputs and Responses from IntervieweesSummarizing the whole of the interview process, Linda Glassel and John Morris provided significant feedback of how administrators operate on educational issues related to their field. Here, it can be seen that each one provided ideas, opinions, and experiences on how they manage and shape up administrative goals in their respective schools.Assess ing their responses, it can be seen that similarities are apparent in the manner on how leadership, responsibility, and open communication remains crucial in addressing organizational culture, organizational change, and communication (Refer to Appendix for more details). Each one believed that these principles help administrators become responsive with daily issues revolving around their practice.On the other hand, distinctions can also be seen in the way Linda and John provided specific means of how the three elements can be addressed. It can be argued that since organizations vary according to culture as well as organizational dynamics, administrators must look into means to unify their capabilities to ensure that administrative functions are met effectively (Fiore, 2004).That is why the strategies elaborated by the two interviewees correspond to what their organization needs. Also, such depart goes to translate how subjective and circumstantial the process of educational admi nistration is. That is why administrators must be keen to analyze and determine situations within their jurisdiction so that appropriate actions related to leadership and communication can be established (Musella and Davis, 1991).ConclusionOverall, the replies made by both Linda and John showcase the different dynamics involved in educational administration. Though their answers may vary in some aspects, both have determine important precepts that looks into enhancing communication, the importance of leadership and reinforcing responsibility.By taking into account daily administrative problems, it goes to show the value of decision making and strategies used by administrators in resolving the issue.ReferencesFiore, D.J. (2004) demonstration to educational administration: standards, theories, and practice.(US: Eye on Education).Garland Christian Academy. (2009) Mission Statement. Retrieved fromhttp://www.garlandchristian.com/about-gca/mission-statement/Garland High School. (2007) Administration. Retrieved fromHelping Pauline Face Her Sister DeathMusella, D. and Davis, J. (1991) Chapter 12: Assessing Organizational Culture: Implications forLeaders in Organizational Change. Understanding school administration issues: studies of the contemporaneous chief education officer. eds. Kenneth Leithwood and Donald Musella. (US: Routledege).Ornstein, A.C. and Lunenburg, F.C. (2007) Educational Administration: Concepts andPractices. (US: Cengage Learning).\r\n'

'To What Extent do Western Concepts of Ill-Health Limit Policies and Projects Aimed at Improving the Health of Those in the Developing World\r'

'Executive digest\r\nCurrent wellness policies on mal forage and human immunodeficiency virus transmission argon instructioned in achieving the M bedfastennium Develop custodyt Goals (MDGs) of the United Nations. Specific all toldy, these objects intromit decline of malnutrition relative incidence since 1990 by 50% and reversal in the tr supplant of human immunodeficiency virus pestilential by 2015. This essay aims to critically snap these two policies in achieving their single aims and object lenss and the operators that contribute to the triumph of these policies. A shortened discussion on the Hesperian fantasys of under the hold out-wellness and how these bear on to the thoughts of ill-health in growing countries is as well as made.\r\nResults of the psychoanal retentiveysis draw that salty communities and allowing them to debate possession of strategies to clog malnutrition is effective in trim down incidence of malnutrition. The Scaling Up fee d ( fair weather) campaign illustrates how growing countries could carryively oppose to health c ar policies introduced by developed countries. However, non all exploitation countries argon nearing or allow achieved the 50% reduction in malnutrition incidence. Lack of community occasion has been entern to scratch the progress of the SUN campaign. The same dominion of community-based interventions is in any case social occasiond on the constitution for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Success rate for human immunodeficiency virus insurance form _or_ system of government is graduate(prenominal) with millions of affected individuals accessing healthc atomic spot 18 function comp bed to solitary(prenominal) 400,000 in 2004. This would show that policies to outgrowth interposition break succeeded. However, barroom of human immunodeficiency virus infection re importants challenging. summary would show that engaging in sorry internal demeanour is a crit ical factor in develop human immunodeficiency virus infection in sub-Saharan Africa. ever-changing the behaviour of a aim universe of discourse is established to be difficult.\r\n speckle community-based interventions and intimacy thrust contributed to the success of these policies, analysis would propound that there is a need to amplification the technical competencies of the s consumeholders in the communities. This would ensure sustainability of programmes ache after external aid has stopped. The differences in the concepts of ill-health in any case appear to lick the success of policies in development nations. It is alike argued that achieving all the aims and objectives of the policies major power not necessarily shed light on the problem of malnutrition and human immunodeficiency virus infection. n other(a)(prenominal) conditions gull sevenfold underlying reachs and apostrophizeing all these would take considerable time and effort. In conclusion, policies keep back made great strides in meliorate nutrition of kidskinren and m others and decreasing the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Concerted effort from various stakeholders is smooth needed to make assortments sustainable.\r\nIntroduction\r\nThe main(prenominal) aim of this brief is to critically analyse the policies, ‘ reducing Hunger and Malnutrition in maturation Countries’ (Department for planetary learning, 2013) and the global insurance policy on human immunodeficiency virus/ assist pandemic (KFF, 2013). Both healthc be policies be designed to ameliorate the health and well-being of pay offs and young barbarianren and those ache from human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in development countries. The original part describes these two policies speckle the second part discusses the Hesperian concepts of ill health and how these pay off policies and projects aimed at developing countries. The third part provides a hypothetic assessment of the policies. A discussion on the underlying assumptions and views of healthc atomic number 18 in term of belief structures and philosophy entrust be implicated. The fourth part presents the practical problems with implementation. Finally, a conclusion will summarise the main vizors raised in this essay. Recommendations will likewise be made at the end of this brief.\r\nPolicies on Malnutrition and human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS\r\nThe ‘Reducing Hunger and Malnutrition in Developing Countries’ (Department for Inter topic Development, 2013) aims to help individuals gain access to alimentary diet, ensure that nourishment is distributed fairly crosswise the world and mitigate environmental risks and return that could fascinate sustenance issue. In nervous strain with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the policy has brand out several objectives that should be achieved by 2015. This includes reducing malnutrition since 1990 by 50%.\r\nMea nwhile, the ‘ world(prenominal) human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS Epidemic’ policy (KFF, 2013) aims to stop and reverse the spread of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS. This is consistent with the United Nation’s MDGs that by 2015, the HIV/AID epidemic will be controlled and incidence will decline. It is estimated that a total of 18.9 billion USD go for funded HIV/ help preventive and intercession programmes in 2012 (KFF/UNAIDS, 2013). Although there is a global decrease in the trend of this epidemic, incidence of HIV/AIDS is still high in middle and low-income countries (UNAIDS, 2013). Most of those anguish from this health condition do not collect access to healthc atomic number 18 services, treatment and management (UNAIDS, 2013). Importantly women and young girls are more(prenominal) susceptible of the infection compared to men (British HIV Association, 2012). Of the 35 million individuals believed to be suffering from the condition, 3.3 million of these are nipperren (UNAIDS, 2013). bulk (71%) of persons living with HIV/AIDS interest in Sub-Saharan Africa (wellness resistance Agency, 2012). The objectives of this policy include decreasing HIV prevalence amongst the young universe of discourse aged 15-24 age; increase preventative use in particular in high-risk sex; increase the proportion of young batch with remediate association on HIV/AIDs infection; and increase the proportion of individuals with progress stages of the disease gain access to antiretroviral medications.\r\n westerly Concept of Ill- health\r\nWestern concepts of ill-health could limit the policies on malnutrition and HIV/AIDS when introduced in developing nations. First, definitions of ‘ill-health’ could vary betwixt Western and developing countries. There is variation in how ill-health is sensed even amongst professional, academic and the public (Wikman et al., 2005). Ill-health is as well as viewed differently across disciplines. For instance, the medical character model of health has been accepted for several days in Western healthcare in the past (Wikman et al., 2005). This model states that ill-health is growd by morbific microorganisms or underlying pathologies (Dutta, 2008). However, even this concept has changed within healthcare systems. Today, galore(postnominal) healthcare professionals own recognised that ill-health is not only caused by pathogenic organisms but mixer determinants of health such as low-down nutrition, unemployment or stress could all influence ill-health (Dutta, 2008). Wikman et al. (2005) acknowledges that ill-health could be understood by development a multi-perspective approach.\r\nConcepts of ill-health are also considered as historically and culturally specific (Blas and Kurup, 2010). This representation that ill-health varies across culture and time. For instance, in Western culture, obesity is considered as ill-health (Blas and Kurup, 2010). In other countries, obesit y is viewed as amicablely congenial since this is a sign of wealth. In Western culture, findings of scientific publications are used to hold up health policies against HIV (Bogart et al., 2011). Use of condoms to encourage against HIV infection is viewed as acceptable. In many(prenominal) African countries, use of condoms is seen to inflict one’s masculinity (Willis, 2003; MacPhail and Campbell, 2001). Importantly, anal sex in some of these countries is perform to avoid pregnancy or viewed as a cleansing method against the virus for HIV/AIDS (Bogart and Bird, 2003). Hence, these differences in the concept of ill-health could influence the white plague of global health policies in developing nations. To illustrate this argument, the policies on malnutrition and HIV/AIDS will be critiqued. A discussion how western concepts of ill health influence the uptake of these policies in the developing countries would also be done.\r\n analysis and Discussion\r\nAttention on co rking and chronic malnutrition is unprecedented in new-fashioned years (Shoham et al., 2013). The interestingness of the UK, through and through its policy for malnutrition and thirst, with other countries in the scaling up nutrition (SUN) campaign has brought world-shaking changes on the lives of peasantren who are malnourished. The policy on malnutrition is underpinned by the philosophy on health uprightness and social determinants of health (Ezzati et al., 2003). Western concepts of ill-health focus on the social determinants of ill-health as a factor in promoting malnutrition in developing countries. For example, unemployment of parents, low take aims of education, early years, poverty, homelessness are some social determinants of health strongly suggested to push malnutrition amongst electric razorren (Marmot and Wilkinson, 2005). Uptake of policies for malnutrition in developing countries might be limited if these determinants are not properly alloted. Farmer (2003) explains that cultural beliefs on food, scummy knowledge on the nutritionary value of food and food outturn practices cede long contributed to malnutrition in many countries.\r\nPolicies on malnutrition might no be effective if these do not address the root causes of malnutrition, which are poverty, poor knowledge on food nutrition and poor farming practices (Farmer, 2003). Power structure also plays a role in how policies are implemented. Farmer (2003) stresses that unless the poor are sceptered and their rights protected would true development occur. In recent years, there put on been improvements in the lives of the poor, specifically on nutrition locating. Marmot and Wilkinson (2005) try that presence of poverty and unemployment could all influence health. However, there is evidence that in some developing countries, malnutrition policies have gained success. An analysis would show that involvement of the community plays a all important(p) role in ensuring success of the se policies. For example, Shoham et al. (2013) constitution that the community based management of peachy malnutrition (CMAM) approach contributed to its success in some 65 developing countries across the world.\r\nCommunities are mobilised and they gain ownership of the programme. Individuals help in detecting uncomplicated ascetical shrill malnutrition (SAM) and refer children to established out-patient centres. Complicated cases are referred as in-patients in the health field staff. While the UNICEF (Nabarro, 2013) reported that 10% of the 20 million suspected cases of SAM have been treated through the scaling up nutrition campaign, other target countries have not kept up with the campaign. Policies that have gained acceptance in developing countries are those that empower communities to take actions for their own health. Empowering women through education has been shown to lead to more positive changes in the health of children ages 5 years old and below (Farmer, 2003). Pol icies that increase the educational levels of women were shown to reduce erroneous perceptions on the causes of malnutrition (Wikman et al., 2005). Shoham et al. (2013) conform to that failure to implement the CMAM approach and educating women on malnutrition limits the success of malnutrition policies in communities.\r\nA weigh of studies (Bhutta, 2013; portentous et al., 2013; Pinstrup-Andersen, 2013; Nabarro, 2013; Loevinsohn and Harding, 2005) have shown the effectiveness of engaging communities and empowering them to improve the nutritional status of women and children. While factors such as engaging communities and allowing them to take ownership of programmes have been shown to invoke uptake of policies, there are still factors that limit policy uptake. These include failure to address the social determinants of health such as poverty, low levels of education, poor support of the children during early emotional state years and unemployment (Loevinsohn and Harding, 2005). It has been shown that when these factors are present, malnutrition is also high (Pinstrup-Andersen, 2013). There is also a need to understand the perceptions of women and children on food and nutrition to better understand why malnutrition continue to exist in a bite of developing countries.\r\nMeanwhile, the policy on HIV/AIDS also foster health by engaging communities in implementing projects aimed at preventing HIV transmission (KFF, 2013; British HIV Infection, 2012; Department for International Development, 2013). To date, HIV infection epidemic has stabilised and the number of individuals receiving treatment has change magnitude to 9.7 million in 2012 (UNAIDS, 2013). In contrast, only 400,000 individuals with advanced HIV infection receive treatment in 2004. A closer analysis of the cause of HIV infection would still point to raving mad behaviours of those engaging in defenseless sex and injecting drug users as factors that promote HIV infection (KFF/UNAIDS, 2013). This is a cause of concern since there is still the preponderant cultural belief in a number of African countries that use of condom is unmanly (Willis, 2003; MacPhail and Campbell, 2001).\r\nConnolly et al. (2004) argue that changing behaviour of the target population is close difficult. Consequences of HIV infection extend to unborn children of mother infect with HIV (UNAIDS, 2013). To date, there have been various interventions to prevent HIV infection. These include behaviour changes, increase in HIV screening, male circumcision, use of condoms, harm reduction amongst in injecting drug users and blood translate safety (UNAIDS, 2013). Amongst these strategies, changing behaviour body to be an important intervention that could prevent further spread of the virus. Experts suggest that questioning sexual behaviour could only be changed through the use of different health models. For example, the health belief model could be used to inform the target population on the risk of HIV ( wellness Protection Agency, 2012). In addition, facilitators to behaviour change, such as decreasing stigma on HIV infection, increasing access to healthcare services could help individuals adopt less risky sexual behaviour (Greeff et al., 2008). Patients with HIV frequently perceive stigma from their own healthcare workers (Kohi et al., 2006; Holzemer and Uys, 2004). This could feign not only the note of care received by those with HIV infection but might also limit them from gaining further medical treatment.\r\nOn the other hand, reducing malnutrition by 50% since 1990 has not been achieved in most countries unless (UNICEF, 2014). This is important since the United Nations aims to achieve this target by next year. Food proceeds is continuously affected by stronger typhoons and exuberant weather patterns (KFF, 2013). Droughts appear to be longer, affect agriculture and livestock production (KFF, 2013). Specifically, the UNICEF (2014) acknowledges that the most vulnerable gr oups to increasing weather din brought by humor change are the poor people. This is especially challenging in the light of the MDGs since decreases in food production in developing countries could further have an impact on the nutritional status of the women and children (Bryce et al., 2008; Taylor et al., 2013). Climate change has important implications on policies for malnutrition. Even if community-based initiatives are strongly in place and individuals have learned to enkindle their own food, changes in weather patterns could impact agriculture activities. The UNICEF (2014) has highlighted this issue and using menstruum run acrosss, community rehabilitation after a typhoon or drought would mean increased challenges in addressing malnutrition amongst the poorest of the poor.\r\nEven if all objective are achieved, there is no all-inclusive guarantee that malnutrition will be in all eradicated in developing nations. To date, there are best practices (SUN, 2013) showing that community involvement and partnership with government and non-government organisations could arrest severe acute and chronic malnutrition. A number of developing countries, especially in the Sub-Saharan Africa are still struggling with malnutrition disrespect external aid. The same poster is also made in this region on HIV infection where the poorest amongst the poor quell to be most vulnerable to the infection (SUN, 2013). Hence, it would be necessary to investigate the real number cause of malnutrition and HIV infection in developing countries.\r\nThere are three-fold underlying causes of malnutrition and all interact to increase the risk of children for malnutrition. First, poverty has been highlighted earlier in this essay as an important factor for development of malnutrition (Horton and Lo, 2013). This essay also argues that parental level of education is a significant factor in the nutrition of children (Black et al., 2013). The gentlemans gentleman Health Organization (2011) acknowledges that children born to mothers with at least a high naturalize education enjoy better health compared to children with mothers who have lower educational levels. This observation is consistent across literature (UNICEF, 2014; Black et al, 2013) and illustrates the importance of increasing the education level of mothers.\r\nIn Sub-Saharan countries that often experience conflicts, malnutrition is often caused by displacement of families and children from their homes and animation to evacuation centres with minimal food support (UNICEF, 2014). Apart from conflicts, recent effects of climate change have also changed the musical mode developed countries respond to problems of food surety (Taylor et al., 2013). As shown in the UK policy for hunger and malnutrition, funds are also direct to innovations and research on how to respond to environmental damages caused by climate change (UNICEF, 2014). It should be noted that changes in weather patterns, flooding and dr ought could have a great impact on food security and sustainability (Department for International Development, 2013).\r\nIn parity with the policy on HIV infection, the policy on hunger and malnutrition would have a greater impact on the health of the nation. It has been shown that improving nutrition during the first gram days of a child’s life could lead to better health outcomes, higher(prenominal) educational attainment and productivity later in large(p) life (Bhutta, 2013). Malnutrition during a child’s first two years of life could have irreversible effects on the child’s health (Bhutta, 2013). This could lead to stunting, cognitive impairment, early death and if the child reaches adulthood, obstruction in finding a credit line (Nabarro, 2013). The number of children and mothers suffering from malnutrition is also higher compared to individuals suffering from HIV infection. However, HIV infection could also have an impact on maternal and child health since infected mothers could transmit the virus to their unborn child (KFF, 2013). Women with HIV also suffer more stigma compared to their male counterparts (Sandelowski et al., 2004).\r\nRecommendations and Conclusion\r\nIn conclusion, the two policies discussed in this brief widen strategies in preventing and treating malnutrition and HIV infection. Responses of developing countries to these strategies differ. Countries where communities are involve in the implementation of strategies are generally more successful in addressing these health problems. This would show that community involvement play a crucial role in the uptake of Western policies in developing countries. However, the lack of success in some countries might be attributed to the differences in the concept of ill-health between affluent and developing countries, socio-economic context of poor countries and difficulty in changing one’s health behaviour. Finally, this essay suggests that a more holistic appro ach should be taken in addressing the social determinants of health to ensure that children have access to nutritious food and HIV infection is prevented.\r\nReferences\r\nBhutta, Z. (2013). ‘Early nutrition and adult outcomes: pieces of the puzzle [Online]. The Lancet, 382(9891), pp. 486-487.\r\nBlack, R., Alderman, H., Bhutta, S., Gillespie, S., Haddad, L., Horton, S., Lartey, S., Mannar, V., Ruel, M., Victoria, C., Walker, S. & Webb, P. (2013). ‘Maternal and child nutrition: building momentum for impact’. The Lancet, 382(9890), pp. 372-375.\r\nBlas, E. & Kurup, A. (2010). Equity, social determinants and public health programmes. Switzerland: World Health Organization.\r\nBogart, L., Skinner, D., Weinhardt, L., Glasman, L., Sitzler, C., Toefy, Y. & Kalichman, S. (2011) ‘HIV misconceptions associated with condom use among dense reciprocal ohm Africans: an exploratory study’, African journal of AIDS Research, 10(2), pp. 181-187.\r\nBo gart, L. & Bird, S. (2003) ‘Exploring the relationship of federation beliefs about HIV/AIDS to sexual behaviours and attitudes among Afrian-American adults’, ledger of the National Medical Association, 95(11), pp. 1057-1065.\r\nBritish HIV Association (2012) Standards of care for people living with HIV in 2012, capital of the United Kingdom: British HIV Association.\r\nBryce, J., Coitinho, D., Darnton-Hill, I., Pelletier, D. & Pinstrup-Andersen, P. (2008). ‘Maternal and child undernutrition: effective action at national level’. The Lancet, 371(9611), pp. 510-526.\r\nConnolly, C., Colvin, M., Shishana, O. & Stoker, D. 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