Grade Retention Essay example -- essays research papers

Grade retention, better known as staying patronise, cosmos held back or repeating, has been the topic of much debate inwardly the educational system. The controversy which surrounds this long-standing consequence has been reinforced by such topics as the recent endorsement of faculty member standards. Research indicates that the rate of retention has change magnitude by approximately 40% in the last 20 age with as many as 15% of all American students held back each stratum and 30-50% held back at least once beforehand ninth come out (Dawson, 1998). These discouraging statistics pose copious problems within a schooling system. The difficulties can be appreciated at the organizational level, as well as inside the classroom and, most troubling, within the individual(a) students. The consequences, both positive and negative, reverberate throughout the school system. Grades retention is an issue which requires a prodigious amount of examination and should be considered carefull y and thoroughly.Formally, form retention is defined as the practice of requiring a student who has been in a given grade level for a full school year to return at that level for a subsequent year (Jackson, 1975). Unofficially, the practice is employed as a tool to enhance the academic or developmental growth for students who are unable to meet the platform requirements due to a variety of reasons. These reasons can include decreased cognitive functioning, physical immaturity, social-emotional difficulties and failure to pass standardized assessments. A child may be considered for retention if he has poor academic skills, is small in stature, is the youngest in the class, has moved frequently, has been absent repeatedly, does poorly on prescreening assessments or has contain English-language skills (Robertson, 1997). Additionally, the typical profile of a retained child is more credibly to reveal an elementary school-aged student who is a black or Hispanic male with a late birt hday, developmental delay, attentional problems, low socioeconomic status, single-parent household with a parent who either does not or cannot throw in on behalf of the child (Robertson, 1997 Mattison, 2000). Also seen in retained children are the prognosticative health factors of hearing and speech impairments, low birth weight, enuresis and exposure to cigarette smoke within the home (Byrd... ...ommended, what should parents do? ERIC Clearinghouse on dewy-eyed and Early Childhood Education. Champaign, IL.Parker, Dennis R. (2001). Social promotion or retention? Leadership, 30 (4),12-16. Jackson, G. (1975). The research evidence on the effects of grade retention. Review of educational Research, 45, 613-635. Holmes, C. T. (1989). Synthesis of recent research on nonpromotion A five-year follow-up. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American education research Association, San Francisco, CA.Natale, J. A. (1991). Rethinking grade retention. educational Digest, 56 (9), 30-3 4. Slavin, Robert E., Karweit, N., & Wasik, B. Preventing early school failure What works? Educational Leadership, 50 (4). Darling-Hammond, Linda. (1998). Avoiding both grade retention and social promotion. The School Administrator, 48-53. Byrd, Robert S., & Weitzman, Michael L. (1994). Predictors of early grade retention among children in the United States. Pediatrics, 93 (3), 481-488. Mattison, Richard E. (2000). School Consultation A review of research on issues unique to the school environment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolscent Psychiatry,