Benefits of Seaweed Enhancement for Crop Growth

Benefits of Seaweed Enhancement for Crop GrowthCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONBackgroundSoil sweetening with constituent(a) tangibles is a common office of state profusion management for make for production, with the aim of providing inwrought plant alimentarys and improving overall soil physical, chemical, and biological quality (Diacano and Montemurro, 2010). Marine macro-algae, or seaweed, has been historically utilise as a soil enhancement material, and whitethorn have activity for modern market-gardening as a low cost source of nutrient-rich biomass (Angus and Dargie, 2002 Cuomo et al., 1995). While seaweed compost and extract products have been widely evaluated for awkward finishs (Woznitza and Barrantes, 2005 Khan et al., 2010), evaluation of unprocessed seaweed biomass as an enhancement material is limited, particularly with regard to soil quality. finish of seaweed material may uniquely affect soil quality parameters as a result of its chemical characteristics, includ ing carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) composition, and salt, sulfur (S), heavy metal, and trace element content. In this study, the putative benefits of seaweed enhancement for stray growth and production were assessed on various crops in field experiment, including analysis of soil physical, biological, and chemical properties.1.2 diachronic recitation of seaweed in agriculture.In coastal regions, collection and application of seaweed is a traditional soil fertility management scheme, especially where agriculture relies on use of local resources (Cuomo et al., 1995). As a readily-available, low-cost material to supplement soil fertility, application of seaweed biomass is frequently an integral component of traditional, small-scale, diversified agriculture (Angus and Dargie, 2002). For instance, agriculture in the Machair region of the Scottish Outer Hebrides Islands involves a rotation-intensive system that integrates the application of locally available seaweed biomass (Angus and D argie, 2002 Kent et al. 2003). Traditional agriculture of the Machair, practiced for at least 1,000 courses before present (YBP), relies on a crofting system that broadly speaking includes an intensive rotation of livestock grazing, field crop cultivation, and two years of fallow, with hypothesized effectuate on soil biodiversity (Angus and Dargie, 2002 Vink et al., 2009). Soil fertility is still largely maintained by the traditional practice of application of muck up and seaweed, primarily the dark-brown alga Laminaria digitata (Angus and Dargie, 2002), which is collected and piled onshore for 1-2 weeks prior to application. Promotion of seaweed application as a part of sustaining small-scale, diversified agriculture is supported by Scottish Natural Heritage, a governmental conservation organization, as well as local conservation group efforts (Angus and Dargie, 2002).In addition to the Machair region, historical accounts of seaweed use in agriculture range from the British Isl es, to coastal mainland Europe, to the northeastern region of the United States, including New York, Maine, and Rhode Island (Fussel, 1973 smith et al., 1989 Cuomo et al., 1995). For example, prior to the adoption of synthetic fertilizer, potato production in Rhode Island incorporated seaweed collection as a means of maintaining soil fertility, including for agricultural research at the University of Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station (R. Casagrande, personal communication). Seaweed in the modern agricultural context In organic or reduced-input cropping systems, both in the U.S. and worldwide, seaweed-based agricultural products (e.g. extracts for foliar application and composts) are commonly employed (Khan et al., 2009). However, application of unprocessed biomass is less prevalent. To reduce dependence on application of inorganic fertilizers, make use of an abundant (sometimes over-abundant) resource, and improve soil quality, the traditional practice of seaweed applica tion may have modern application in coastal regions. Because adding seaweed to soil can increase plant macro and micronutrients, and may improve soil biological, chemical and physical properties (Khan et al., 2009), the practice may be an additional strategy to manage soil fertility and quality that addresses the dual problems of reliance on inorganic chemical stuffing and wasting of valuable, nutrient-rich biomass. Inorganic fertilizer inputs account for a large fraction of conventional farm expenses, push consumption, and carbon emissions (Lal, 2004). Application of inorganic fertilizers without addition of organic enhancements, cover crop use, or use of utility(a) tillage practices can result in depletion of soil organic matter (SOM), with concomitant negative effects on many soil properties important for crop productivity (e.g. nutrient retention, moisture-holding capacity, aggregate formation, and microbial activity) (Brock et al., 2012 Franzluebbers, 2012). Furthermore, lev els of nutrient elements other than N, P, and K (e.g. Ca, Mg, Mo, B, and S) are generally low in inorganic fertilizers, and are of increasing forethought for crop quality and nutritional value (Welch and Graham, 2012). Consequently, reliance on inorganic fertilizer as a sole source of fertility is often questioned as a sustainable management strategy, and 4diversification of inputs is encouraged, particularly inputs that declare oneself not only primary nutrients (i.e. N, P and K), but also organic matter and trace elements (Lal, 2004). constitutive(a) enhancements used to improve soil fertility include traditional (e.g. animal manure) and non-traditional (e.g. industrial by-products) materials (Power et al., 2000). Seaweed, which contains primary nutrients, organic C, and other nutrient elements, is thus a good candidate organic enhancement material as part of a diversified soil fertility management strategy.In addition to the potential crop nutrition benefits of seaweed enhance ment, the prevalence of seaweed biomass in coastal areas as a result of both natural phenomena and anthropogenetic impacts may allow for use of seaweed with minimal cost. Nutrient (N and P) enrichment of coastal waters sometimes attributed to fertilizer overspill from agriculture and home use can cause excessive seaweed growth (Morand and Merceron, 2005). In addition to poisonous ecological impacts (e.g. oxygen depletion), the accumulation of seaweed biomass on beaches can have negative economic consequences (RI DEM, 2010). For instance, in the spend of 2012,accumulation of the red seaweed Polysiphonia sp. on Massachusetts beaches needed mechanical removal and disposal in gear up to maintain beaches for public use, costing money for equipment use and labor, as well as preventing beach use. Beach-cast biomass is often removed and disposed of in landfills. Although the species composition and properties of beach-cast seaweed varies based on location and environment (e.g. estua rine vs. marine), the coordination of stash away seaweed biomass removal with agricultural application may provide a low-cost, locallyavailable resource for soil fertility management. To protrude this arrangement for 5 coastal regions, characterization of seaweed biomass in terms of location and abundance, species composition, and chemical characteristics relevant to soil quality and plant nutrition is required. Additionally, quantification of seaweed biomass effects on soil quality and crop production is required to validate putative benefits or negative effects of seaweed enhancement practices1.2.3 ScopeMarine algae is estimated to bring in about 70 % to 80 % of earths atmospheric oxygen, amounting to about 330 billion tonnes of oxygen per year (Hall, 2008). This is an indication of how important algae are to the environment. Algae are simple, autotrophic organisms that are either microscopical or macroscopic. Specifically, seaweeds are macroscopic algae that thrive in benthic marine waters. Just corresponding terrestrial plants, these groups of multicellular organisms are autotrophic and thus have the ability to carry out photosynthesis. However, they do not posses several distinct organs such as true leaves, roots, flowers and seeds that typify terrestrial plants (Sumich Morrissey, 2004). on that point are roughly 10000 different species of seaweeds recorded. Generally, seaweeds can be divided into three groups, namely class Rhodophyceae (6000 species), Chlorophyceae (2000 species) and Phaeophyceae (2000 species) based on their colour pigment (Guiry Guiry, 2011). The genus being studied,Sargassum, belongs to the group Phaeophyceae, which obtains its distinctive brown colour from the xantophyll pigment of fucoxanthin. Cell walls of these algae are mainly composed of cellulose and alginic acid, a valuable component that adds commercial value to Sargassum species. In Asia, seaweeds are commonly used as fertilizers and as sustenance for both humans and animals. Trono (1999), McHugh (2003) and Phang (2006) are among the many authors who have listed down the beneficial usages of seaweeds which include Sargassum as raw products for cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry.