Identification of Organic Compounds

Identification of Organic CompoundsMay Zheng research laboratory Partner Vena GanesarasaObservationsTable 1 The Use of Iodine response for Determining the mien of Starch in Various warnings settlementsSampleAmylose maltoseSucroseGlucose terra incognita XUnknown YDistilled pissingObservations sparkle icteric, cloudy, quiet truthful ignition yellow, silver-tongued weak, pallid fluidness micturate, dull liquid white liquidOrange liquidClear, people of touchise little liquidColour of SolutionDark grubby thistle/ drear liquidClear yellow liquidClear, dark yellow liquidRed/ embrown liquidBlueDark down(p)/ black liquid colorizeing material/ orangeness liquidTable 2 The Use of benedicks Solution for Determining the front man of Sugar in Various Samples SolutionsSampleAmyloseMaltoseSucroseGlucoseUnknown XUnknown YDistilled WaterObservationsLight yellow, cloudy, liquidTransparent out of work yellow, liquidClear, colourless liquidClear, colourless liquidWhite liquidOrange liquidClear, colourless liquidColour of SolutionOrange liquidDark orange liquidClear, light blue liquidYellowish/whitish comeBeige liquidLime green liquidClear blue liquidTable 3 The Use of Biurets Reagent for Determining the Presence of Protein in Various Samples SolutionsSampleAmyloseMaltoseSucroseGlucoseUnknown XUnknown YDistilled WaterObservationsLight yellow, cloudy, liquidTransparent light yellow, liquidClear, colourless liquidClear, colourless liquidWhite liquidOrange liquidClear, colourless liquidColour of SolutionNo colour qualifyNo colour changeClear light blue liquidVery light blue/white liquidBeige liquidYellow liquidClear light blue liquidTable 4 The Use of Sudan (III) Solution for Determining the Presence of Lipid in Various Samples SolutionsSampleAmyloseMaltoseSucroseGlucoseUnknown XUnknown YDistilled WaterObservationsLight yellow, cloudy, liquidTransparent light yellow, liquidClear, colourless liquidClear, colourless liquidWhite liquidOrange liquidClear, colourles s liquidColour of SolutionPinkish red on top, yellowish/white on fag endLight pink liquidLight orange liquid pinkish social class, white on bottomPink layer, milky/ whitish layer on bottomOrangey on top, yellow on bottomClear very faint pink when indicator was added colour slowly washed-out awayDiscussionThe distilled piss system in this experiment functioned as the chequer sample. A nurse sample should be a constant unsettled that was not exposed to the factors being tested in the experiment. In this case, the invention of the lab was to determine the mien of stiffen, lipid, protein, and loot in various settlements. Distilled pissing system did not contain any of these observational factors and at that placefore it acted as a control sample. The distilled water supply played a very important affair in this experiment considering that the results of the data-based samples must be compared to the control in drift to form a conclusion (Rodriguez, 2013). By comparing the results of the control, the colour changes which had occurred in the experimental samples could be identified. If there was no control, one wouldnt have been able to determine any valid changes in the experimental results since there was nothing to compare them to in order to verify the changes. In this experiment, distilled water was use as the control instead of tap water because of the absence of metals and minerals such(prenominal) as iron and calcium. These elements have the possible to cook the results of the experiment by creating unwanted receptions with otherwise ways in the experiment. Therefore, in order to have an accurate control to act as a lineament source for the results of the experimental samples, distilled water was employ (Myers, 2013).The Iodine origin was commonly used to test for the armorial bearing of starch in a substance. During the forepart of starch, the Iodine source would turn into a dark blue/black colour. The colour change was caused by the chemical substance substance answer in the midst of the starch and the single. Amylose was a polysaccharide consisting of glucose units it was a type of starch, in fact starch was made up of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin. Therefore in this experiment, when the iodine solving was added into the Amylose issue, the resulting solution had a deep bluish-black colour. The helix anatomical expression of amylose resembled a spin arounded spring. The element iodine, a non-polar molecule, on its own was insoluble in water hence it was dissolved in an aqueous potassium iodide solution forming potassium triiodide which was soluble in water. The linear triiodide ion (I3-) fundamentally slipped inside the coil of the amylose molecule resulting in an extremely blue/black colour. The transfer of aerated particles (electrons) which occurred between the amylose and the iodide ion altered the spaces between the force levels/electron orbitals. This meant that light was imprisone d by the solution at a different wavelength resulting in the colour change. The front end of starch was besides determined in the undiscovered X and unbeknown(predicate) Y solutions. The unknown X solution had a less intense shade of blue indicating that there was a bring low tightness of starch in that substance (Iodine test for, 2012).benedicks solution was a light-colored blue liquid containing tomentum convert used to test for the presence of simple carbohydrates such as allmonosaccharides and several disaccharides standardised maltose. The presence of these nets such as glucose triggered a chemical reaction between the chou and copper sulfate (after heating which contributes the energy required to school the reaction) resulting in a reddish-brown precipitate if there was a soaring concentration of sugar (2% or more than). The solution could also turn greenish, yellow, or orange with lower concentrations of sugar. During this experiment, the glucose solution chang ed into a dark orange-red colour, while unknown X turned into a light yellow/beige colour, the unknown Y with a lime green colour and the maltose resulted in a yellowish-green colour. This suggested that the sugar content in maltose, unknown X and Y was low (less than 2%) compared to glucose (Benedicts reagent, 2014).Specifically, the Benedicts solution tested for diminution sugars which consisted of an aldehyde group (presence of the CHO group). In the presence of cut back sugars, the copper (II) ions were reduced to copper (I) ions forming copper (I) oxide, a reddish-brown precipitate that was insoluble in water. In this experiment, the glucose possessed accessible electrons for donation, which the blue copper (II) ions were willing to receiving/accept to pass away reduced to reddish copper (II) ions. When the glucose donated an electron, it became oxidized while the copper (II) was reduced. For this reason, glucose was considered to be a reducing sugar capable of initiating a chemical reaction with the copper sulfate in Benedicts solution. Similarly, maltose, a reducing disaccharide, reacted with the benedicts solution when heated to form a squashy yellow precipitate. Maltose molecules have a linear open-chain structure which made them accessible to react with the copper sulfate in Benedicts solution resulting in a dark yellowish colour indicating a low concentration of sugar (Yool, 2014).However, sucrose, also a disaccharide, did not provide a positive test for sugar. This was because sucrose was not a reducing sugar. The bond between the two sugars which made up sucrose, levulose and glucose, was organise in a particular way which inhibited the sucrose to isomerize to aldehyde form causing it to be a non-reducing sugar. The molecular structure of sucrose was not linear meaning that it was incapable of opening it was basically stuck in its cyclical form. This prevented the sucrose from donating electrons and reducing the copper (II) in Benedicts so lution resulting in no chemical reaction, colour change, or formation of precipitate (Benedicts reagent, 2014).Biurets reagent was used to test for the presence of protein. The chemical reaction which occurred in the presence of protein resulted in a violet colour solution due to the peptide bonds which made up protein. The biuret reagent contained hydrated copper sulfate the copper (II) ions formed coordination complexes as the single electron pairs of the four normality atoms in peptide bonds surrounded a central atom which was the copper (II) ion. As the metal complex was formed, the wavelength at which light was absorbed changed to violet from clear blue indicating the presence of protein. Additionally, the greater the tally the protein in a solution, the more intense the colour change considering that there were more peptide bonds present resulting in long chain peptides (Biuret test, 2014).Sudan III was a red reagent that detected the presence of lipids. This solution was i nsoluble in water, however would dissolve in lipids. It would mug the present lipid an orange-red colour. In this experiment, only the unknown Y solution presented a distinctive orangey colour on top of a yellow solution after the addition of the Sudan III reagent suggesting the presence of lipid in this unknown solution. This showed a clear separation of the lipid and water portions of the solution considering that the two did not mix lipid molecules were nonpolar while water molecules were polar. For this reason, the staining had only occurred at the top layer of the solution (Sudan iii, 2014).Carbohydrates were essential nutrients to leading a healthy diet. They were important energy source for the clement dead automobile trunk. However, they were not used straightaway due to excess intake the body would install the carbohydrates in the form of glycogen in the muscles and liver. The body used the glycogen stored in the muscles while the brain obtained energy from the glycoge n stored in the liver which could only support a limited amount. Therefore, upon excess enjoyment of carbohydrates, the carbohydrates would be converted into fat which was stored in the fatty t knows. This would also simultaneously increase the glucose levels in channel which triggered the kick out of insulin in order to keep on homeostasis. Insulin was a hormone secreted by the pancreas into the bloodstream with the purpose of lowering the sugar levels. A great quantity of insulin not only triggered the body to store the extra carbohydrates as fat tho also inhibited the release of the stored fat. This meant that the stored fat lost its ability to be used as energy. Additionally, towering levels of insulin restrained the secretion of glucagon and growth hormones. Glucagon was a hormone secreted in the pancreas that initiated the sectionalisation of fat and sugar to increase the blood sugar levels. Growth hormone was responsible for muscle development. Lastly, the excess inta ke of carbohydrates which increased the blood glucose levels caused the secretion of extra insulin in order to lower the sugar level at a rapid rate. This caused hunger considering that after a short amount of time the bodys blood sugar levels would be lower than normal causing the hungry sensation to convince the body to implement more carbohydrates increase the sugar levels (The relationship between, 2008).Cholesterol was a waxy, sterol, substance found in most body tissue such as in bloodstream and the nerves. This compound was produced by the liver in the gentle body and circulated through ones blood stream. Cholesterol could also be found in ones diet foods with a great amount of saturated and trans fat such as substance and dairy products contained this substance. The presence of high level of cholesterol in the body greatly increased the risk of many meat diseases such as look attacks and strokes. This was because when there was an excess amount of cholesterol in the blo od, it could squirrel away in the interior walls of arteries which provided various parts of the body the nutrients and oxygen needful to function properly. Plaque was formed as the extra cholesterol and other substances such as fat and calcium stuck to the inner walls of the blood vessel. This randy substance would harden and decrease the circumferences and flexibility/elasticity of arteries. This health issue was known as atherosclerosis the clotting of blood vessels due to the buildup of memorial tablet limiting the flow of blood to several parts of the body such as the brain, the heart, and other organs. Depending on which of the many arteries in the body was blocked, there were several potential heart diseases. If the plaques clot the coronary arteries which supplied the heart with oxygen-rich blood, heart attacks may occur and if there was a blockage in the carotid arteries which fed blood to the brain, the reduced blood flow to the brain may cause a stroke. Most of these heart diseases were serious and even lethal (What is atherosclerosis?, 2011).Protein could be used as an energy source for the military personnel body however not the most efficient method. As protein was digested by the body, it was chemically broken down into amino hot subunits. Glucose and amino acids were chemically alike with the exception of the presence of nitrogen atoms in amino acids. In the absence of nitrogen, the amino acids could be converted into glucose or fatty acids which provided energy for the body. Due to the additional steps of removing the nitrogen, proteins were a slower source of energy, but longer lasting compared to carbohydrates and lipids. Furthermore, the use of protein as an energy source could be ravishful to the body due to the by-products formed from the breakdown of amino acids. The nitrogen atoms contained in all amino acids were converted into ammonia during amino acid catabolism. The substance ammonia was toxic as it accumulated in the blood causing the body to excrete it through urination. However, high levels of ammonia would disability the liver and the kidneys. Also, the presence of a large quantity of this compound was bad to the cells in the body (Cloe, 2012).ErrorsDuring this experimental, a few errors had occurred. The test tubes filled with the experimental samples were not washed properly for the next nutrient test. This resulted in illogical colour changes. At times, not enough indicator solution was added to the samples. This cogency have affected the resulting colours. Lastly, during the test for sugars, after the addition of the benedicts solution into the samples, the solutions were not heated evenly for the same length of time. A few samples did not obtain enough energy for a potential chemical reaction/ colour change to occur.ConclusionIt was concluded that distilled water functioned as the control in the experiment due to the absence of metals and minerals in the liquid which could possibility init iate unwanted reactions. The control was used to provide a reference source for the obtained results from the experimental samples in order for the changes to be valid. The iodine solution was used to test for the presence of starch. The chemical reaction between the triiodine ions and starch molecules triggered the colour change of the solution to deep blue/black. Starch was detected in the amylose, unknown X and Y solutions. The benedicts solution was used to determine the presence of reducing sugars. The chemical reaction between the copper sulfate in the benedicts solution and the sugar molecules triggered a colour change in the samples. The sugar molecules reduced the copper (II) into copper (I) resulting in a reddish precipitate. With a lower concentration of sugar molecules, the samples turned greenish, yellowish or orangey. The presence of sugar was determined in maltose, glucose, unknown X and Y samples in this experiment. Biurets reagent tested for the presence of protein. The copper sulfate in the reagent formed metal complexes with the nitrogen atoms found in the peptide bonds of protein. This resulted in a colour change of the samples to violet if protein was detected. The Sudan III solution tested for the presence of lipid. Since the solution was insoluble in water and soluble in lipids, the colour change to orangey red was only found on the top layer of a few samples. The presence of lipid was determined in the unknown Y sample.Furthermore, excess intake of carbohydrate increased the sugar level in blood. This triggered the release of the hormone, insulin, with the intention of lowering the sugar level to maintain internal balance. The release of this hormone by the pancreas caused the extra carbohydrates to be stored as fat. Also, the presence of a large amount of insulin caused the frequent sensation of hunger. This was because the insulin quickly take down the sugar levels causing the body to want more carbohydrates to increase the sugar le vels to maintain homeostasis. High levels of cholesterol in the blood resulted in the accrual of plaque reducing the blood flow to various part of the body. This was a major risk factor of heart diseases such as heart attacks and strokes. Lastly, when the body used protein as an energy source, there would be an advance level of ammonia in the body considering that it was a by-product of the breakdown of amino acids. The high level of this toxic compound would cause harm to the kidneys, the liver and other body cells.ReferencesBenedicts reagent. (2014). Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedicts_reagentBiuret test. (2014). Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biuret_testCloe, A. (2012).Why are proteins used as the last source of energy?. Retrieved from http//livewell.jillianmichaels.com/proteins-used-last-source-energy-5473.htmlIodine test for starch. (2012). Retrieved from http//brilliantbiologystudent.weebly.com/iodine-test-for-starch.htmlMyers, G. (2013).Why is d istilled water a good control for science projects?. Retrieved from http//www.ehow.com/facts_7418493_distilled-good-control-science-projects_.htmlRodriguez, B. (2013).What is the purpose of a control in an experiment?. Retrieved from http//www.ehow.com/info_8612333_purpose-control-experiment.htmlSudan iii. (2014). Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_IIIThe relationship between carbohydrates and insulin. (2008, July 02). Retrieved from http//www.naturaltherapypages.com.au/article/Insulin_Weight_LossWhat is atherosclerosis?. (2011, July 01). Retrieved from https//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/atherosclerosis/Yool, B. (2014).The effect of benedict solution on glucose. Retrieved from http//www.ehow.com/about_6584528_effect-benedict-solution-glucose.html